17th February, 2024
CHIRANJIT MITRA
Flourished along the Nile for millennia. Famous for monumental pyramids, pharaohs, hieroglyphic writing, and advancements in mathematics and medicine.
"The Cradle of Civilization" in the Fertile Crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It gave rise to Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, and Assyria, developing city-states, early writing systems, and law codes.
A collection of city-states that birthed Western philosophy, democracy, incredible art, architecture, theater, and the Olympic Games. Their influence resonates even today.
Centered around modern-day Pakistan and India, this civilization boasted incredible urban planning, complex drainage systems, an undeciphered writing system, and evidence of extensive trade networks.
One of the world's oldest continuous civilizations, China gave us inventions like paper, gunpowder, printing, and the compass. Confucian philosophy and impressive dynasties shaped its complex history.
Various powerful dynasties united to form an empire spanning vast territories of Western Asia, Central Asia, and parts of Europe. They are famous for their administrative brilliance, tolerance, and the Cyrus Cylinder (an early proclamation of human rights).
From city-state origins, Rome became a massive powerhouse known for military and engineering prowess, law, aqueducts, and concrete, and its vast impact on languages and Western culture.
A sophisticated Mesoamerican civilization known for magnificent cities, a complex calendar system, hieroglyphic writing, stepped pyramids, and an advanced understanding of astronomy.
The largest pre-Columbian empire in the Americas, with advanced road systems, intricate textiles, terrace farming, and striking stonework like Machu Picchu.
It dominated central Mexico centuries before the Spanish conquest. Grand cities like Tenochtitlan had complex religious practices, a class-based society, and advancements in mathematics and calendar systems.